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Gas Molecule Speed Calculator

Calculate the rms speed, average speed, and most probable speed of gas molecules at any temperature.
Based on the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.

Molecular Speeds

The kinetic molecular theory describes gas molecules as point particles in constant random motion. At a given temperature, molecules have a distribution of speeds described by the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.

Three characteristic speeds:

Root mean square speed (v_rms): v_rms = √(3RT/M) = √(3kBT/m)

Average speed (v_avg): v_avg = √(8RT/πM) = √(8kBT/πm)

Most probable speed (v_mp): v_mp = √(2RT/M) = √(2kBT/m)

Relationship: v_mp < v_avg < v_rms (approximate ratio: 1 : 1.128 : 1.225)

Where:

  • R = 8.314 J/mol·K
  • T = temperature (Kelvin)
  • M = molar mass (kg/mol)

Gas molecule speeds at 25°C (298 K):

Gas M (g/mol) v_rms (m/s)
H₂ 2.016 1,920
He 4.003 1,363
H₂O 18.02 645
N₂ 28.02 515
O₂ 32.00 482
CO₂ 44.01 411
Xe 131.3 238
UF₆ 352.0 145

Why do lighter molecules move faster? Kinetic energy is equally distributed among all molecules at the same temperature: KE_avg = (3/2)kBT (same for all gases at same T) Since KE = ½mv², lighter molecules must move faster to have the same energy.

Temperature effect: Speed ∝ √T. To double v_rms, temperature must quadruple. Going from 298 K to 1192 K (×4 T) only doubles the speed.


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