Thermodynamics Formulas
Key thermodynamics formulas explained with examples.
Internal energy, heat engines, refrigeration, and more.
First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics: ΔU = Q - W. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred. Explained with examples.
Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction
Fourier's Law: Q/t = -kA(ΔT/d). Calculate heat flow through walls, pipes, and materials. Includes R-value relationship and worked examples.
Heat Engine Efficiency Formula
Calculate the thermal efficiency of a heat engine: η = W/Q_h = 1 - Q_c/Q_h. Includes Carnot limit and real-world examples.
Refrigeration COP Formula
Coefficient of Performance for refrigerators and heat pumps: COP = Q_c/W. How to measure cooling efficiency with worked examples.
Stefan-Boltzmann Radiation Formula
Thermal radiation: P = εσT⁴. Calculate heat radiated by any object. Used in climate science, astrophysics, and engineering.